--- title: "Linux Server Administration" lang: "en" author: "Mohammad Abu Mattar" canonical: https://mkabumattar.com/post/linux-server-administration --- [Home](/)›[Glossary](/glossary)›[All Categories](/glossary/categories)›[Linux](/glossary/categories/linux) Glossary # Linux Server Administration Essential terms every Linux system administrator and DevOps engineer should know. 60 TermsPublished: 18 Apr 2026 [Linux](/glossary/categories/linux)[#linux](/glossary/tags/linux)[#server](/glossary/tags/server)[#administration](/glossary/tags/administration)[#sysadmin](/glossary/tags/sysadmin) [Markdown for AI(opens in a new tab)](/post/linux-server-administration/index.md "Open the plain-Markdown version of this page, for pasting into an AI tool") [Facebook](https://facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fmkabumattar.com%2Fglossary%2Fpost%2Flinux-server-administration "Share on Facebook")[Twitter](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet/?text=Linux%20Server%20Administration&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmkabumattar.com%2Fglossary%2Fpost%2Flinux-server-administration "Share on Twitter")[LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmkabumattar.com%2Fglossary%2Fpost%2Flinux-server-administration&title=Linux%20Server%20Administration&summary=Essential%20terms%20every%20Linux%20system%20administrator%20and%20DevOps%20engineer%20should%20know.&source=https://mkabumattar.com "Share on LinkedIn")[WhatsApp](https://wa.me/?text=Linux%20Server%20Administration%20https%3A%2F%2Fmkabumattar.com%2Fglossary%2Fpost%2Flinux-server-administration "Share on WhatsApp")[Telegram](https://t.me/share/url?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmkabumattar.com%2Fglossary%2Fpost%2Flinux-server-administration&text=Linux%20Server%20Administration "Share on Telegram")[Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmkabumattar.com%2Fglossary%2Fpost%2Flinux-server-administration&title=Linux%20Server%20Administration "Share on Reddit")[Hacker News](http://news.ycombinator.com/submitlink?u=https%3A%2F%2Fmkabumattar.com%2Fglossary%2Fpost%2Flinux-server-administration&t=Linux%20Server%20Administration "Share on Hacker News")[Pinterest](https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmkabumattar.com%2Fglossary%2Fpost%2Flinux-server-administration&media=&description=Essential%20terms%20every%20Linux%20system%20administrator%20and%20DevOps%20engineer%20should%20know. "Share on Pinterest")[Email]() This glossary covers essential Linux server administration concepts: system architecture, user management, networking, storage, process management, performance tuning, and security hardening. Series [Linux & System Administration](/series/linux--system-administration)1/2 [NextNetworking Fundamentals](/glossary/post/networking-fundamentals) All posts in this series (2) Glossary2 1. [Linux Server AdministrationYou are here](/glossary/post/linux-server-administration) 2. [Networking Fundamentals](/glossary/post/networking-fundamentals) ### Configuration - [Environment Variable](#term-environment-variable) - [/etc directory](#term--etc-directory) - [/var directory](#term--var-directory) ### File Management - [tar](#term-tar) - [rsync](#term-rsync) ### Filesystem - [Symbolic Link (symlink)](#term-symbolic-link--symlink-) ### Logging - [Syslog](#term-syslog) - [logrotate](#term-logrotate) - [rsyslog](#term-rsyslog) ### Networking - [SSH (Secure Shell)](#term-ssh--secure-shell-) - [SSH Key Pair](#term-ssh-key-pair) - [sshd\_config](#term-sshd-config) - [Firewall](#term-firewall) - [ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall)](#term-ufw--uncomplicated-firewall-) - [iptables](#term-iptables) - [netstat / ss](#term-netstat---ss) - [DNS (Domain Name System)](#term-dns--domain-name-system-) - [/etc/hosts](#term--etc-hosts) ### Performance - [Memory (RAM)](#term-memory--ram-) - [Swap](#term-swap) - [Load Average](#term-load-average) - [vmstat](#term-vmstat) - [strace](#term-strace) - [Kernel Parameters (sysctl)](#term-kernel-parameters--sysctl-) ### Process Management - [Process](#term-process) - [PID (Process ID)](#term-pid--process-id-) - [systemd](#term-systemd) - [systemctl](#term-systemctl) - [journalctl](#term-journalctl) - [kill / killall](#term-kill---killall) - [top / htop](#term-top---htop) - [cron](#term-cron) - [crontab](#term-crontab) ### Security - [SELinux / AppArmor](#term-selinux---apparmor) - [PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)](#term-pam--pluggable-authentication-modules-) ### Software Management - [Package Manager](#term-package-manager) - [apt / apt-get](#term-apt---apt-get) - [yum / dnf](#term-yum---dnf) ### Storage - [Filesystem](#term-filesystem) - [Mount](#term-mount) - [/etc/fstab](#term--etc-fstab) - [df](#term-df) - [du](#term-du) - [LVM (Logical Volume Manager)](#term-lvm--logical-volume-manager-) - [NFS (Network File System)](#term-nfs--network-file-system-) ### System Architecture - [Kernel](#term-kernel) - [Shell](#term-shell) - [Bash (Bourne Again SHell)](#term-bash--bourne-again-shell-) - [Terminal / TTY](#term-terminal---tty) ### Text Processing - [grep](#term-grep) - [sed](#term-sed) - [awk](#term-awk) ### Users & Permissions - [Root User](#term-root-user) - [sudo](#term-sudo) - [User Management](#term-user-management) - [Group](#term-group) - [File Permissions](#term-file-permissions) - [chmod](#term-chmod) - [chown](#term-chown) - [/etc/passwd](#term--etc-passwd) No terms found Try adjusting your search query ## Configuration 3 ### Environment Variable A named value stored in the shell environment that affects how processes behave, commonly used to pass configuration like paths, credentials, and flags to applications. #### Example Setting PATH to include a custom binary directory for the current session. #### Code Snippet ``` 1export PATH=$PATH:/opt/myapp/bin ``` ### /etc directory The standard Linux directory that contains system-wide configuration files for the operating system and installed applications, editable by the root user. #### Example Editing /etc/nginx/nginx.conf to update the web server configuration. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ls /etc/ ``` ### /var directory A Linux directory that holds variable data files that change during normal system operation, including logs, spools, caches, and runtime data. #### Example Inspecting /var/log to find application and system log files. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ls /var/log/ ``` ## File Management 2 ### tar A command-line utility for creating, extracting, and managing archive files, often combined with compression tools like gzip or bzip2 for backup and distribution. #### Example Creating a compressed tarball of the /etc directory as a configuration backup. #### Code Snippet ``` 1tar -czf etc-backup-$(date +%F).tar.gz /etc ``` ### rsync A file synchronization and transfer tool that copies files locally or over SSH, transferring only the differences between source and destination. #### Example Syncing a local web directory to a remote server over SSH, deleting files removed locally. #### Code Snippet ``` 1rsync -avz --delete /var/www/ user@server:/var/www/ ``` ## Filesystem 1 ### Symbolic Link (symlink) A special file that acts as a pointer to another file or directory, allowing the same resource to be accessed from multiple locations in the filesystem. #### Example Creating a symlink so that /usr/local/bin/python points to the desired Python version. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ln -s /usr/bin/python3.11 /usr/local/bin/python ``` ## Logging 3 ### Syslog The standard logging system on Linux that collects messages from the kernel and applications, routing them to log files or remote logging servers based on facility and severity. #### Example Checking /var/log/syslog for system-level messages after an unexpected reboot. #### Code Snippet ``` 1tail -f /var/log/syslog ``` ### logrotate A utility that automates the rotation, compression, and deletion of log files to prevent them from filling up disk space, configured via /etc/logrotate.conf. #### Example Configuring logrotate to rotate Nginx access logs weekly and keep 4 weeks of history. #### Code Snippet ``` 1```2/var/log/nginx/*.log {3 weekly4 rotate 45 compress6 missingok7 notifempty8}9``` ``` ### rsyslog A high-performance system logging daemon that extends syslog with features like filtering, TCP/TLS transport, and forwarding logs to remote centralized servers. #### Example Configuring rsyslog to forward all auth logs to a centralized Graylog server. #### Code Snippet ``` 1```2*.* @@logs.example.com:5143``` ``` ## Networking 9 ### SSH (Secure Shell) A cryptographic network protocol for securely logging into and executing commands on remote servers over an unsecured network, replacing older protocols like Telnet. #### Example Connecting to a remote AWS EC2 instance using an SSH key pair. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ssh -i ~/.ssh/my-key.pem ubuntu@192.168.1.10 ``` ### SSH Key Pair A pair of cryptographic keys, a private key kept locally and a public key placed on the remote server, used to authenticate SSH connections without a password. #### Example Generating an Ed25519 SSH key pair and copying the public key to a remote server. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "admin@example.com" ``` ### sshd\_config The main configuration file for the OpenSSH server daemon, controlling options such as permitted authentication methods, port, and allowed users. #### Example Disabling root login and password authentication in sshd\_config to harden a server. #### Code Snippet ``` 1```2PermitRootLogin no3PasswordAuthentication no4Port 22225``` ``` ### Firewall A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined rules, protecting the server from unauthorized access. #### Example Allowing only port 22 and 443 through the firewall and blocking all other inbound traffic. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ufw allow 22/tcp && ufw allow 443/tcp && ufw enable ``` ### ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall) A user-friendly frontend for managing iptables firewall rules on Ubuntu and Debian-based systems, designed to simplify firewall configuration. #### Example Enabling ufw and allowing HTTP, HTTPS, and SSH traffic on a new server. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ufw allow OpenSSH && ufw allow "Nginx Full" && ufw enable ``` ### iptables A Linux command-line utility for configuring kernel-level packet filtering rules that control network traffic flowing through the system. #### Example Blocking all incoming traffic from a specific IP address using an iptables DROP rule. #### Code Snippet ``` 1iptables -A INPUT -s 203.0.113.5 -j DROP ``` ### netstat / ss Command-line tools for displaying network connections, routing tables, and interface statistics. ss is the modern replacement for the deprecated netstat. #### Example Listing all processes listening on TCP ports to verify which services are running. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ss -tlnp ``` ### DNS (Domain Name System) A hierarchical system that translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses, enabling servers and clients to locate each other on a network. #### Example Using dig to resolve a domain name and inspect its DNS records from the command line. #### Code Snippet ``` 1dig example.com A ``` ### /etc/hosts A local file that maps hostnames to IP addresses, taking precedence over DNS resolution and useful for custom hostname overrides or blocking domains. #### Example Adding a local mapping so that myapp.local resolves to 127.0.0.1 during development. #### Code Snippet ``` 1echo '127.0.0.1 myapp.local' >> /etc/hosts ``` ## Performance 6 ### Memory (RAM) The physical random-access memory available to the system for storing running processes and kernel data, directly affecting system performance and capacity. #### Example Checking total, used, and available RAM on a server to diagnose a memory pressure issue. #### Code Snippet ``` 1free -h ``` ### Swap A designated area on disk that the Linux kernel uses as an overflow for RAM when physical memory is exhausted, allowing the system to continue operating at reduced performance. #### Example Creating and enabling a 4GB swap file on a server that ran out of RAM. #### Code Snippet ``` 1```bash2fallocate -l 4G /swapfile3chmod 600 /swapfile4mkswap /swapfile5swapon /swapfile6``` ``` ### Load Average A metric that represents the average number of processes waiting for CPU time over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes, used to assess overall system load. #### Example Checking the load average to determine if a server is overloaded relative to its CPU count. #### Code Snippet ``` 1uptime ``` ### vmstat A command that reports virtual memory statistics, including processes, memory, swap, I/O, and CPU activity, useful for diagnosing performance bottlenecks. #### Example Running vmstat every second to observe memory and CPU usage patterns during a load test. #### Code Snippet ``` 1vmstat 1 10 ``` ### strace A diagnostic tool that traces system calls and signals made by a process, helping debug application issues and understand how a program interacts with the kernel. #### Example Attaching strace to a running process to see which files it is trying to open. #### Code Snippet ``` 1strace -p 1234 -e trace=openat ``` ### Kernel Parameters (sysctl) Runtime configuration variables that control kernel behavior such as network stack settings, memory management, and security policies, managed via the sysctl command. #### Example Tuning the network stack to increase the maximum number of open file descriptors. #### Code Snippet ``` 1```bash2sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=655353echo 'net.core.somaxconn=65535' >> /etc/sysctl.conf4``` ``` ## Process Management 9 ### Process An instance of a running program on a Linux system, each identified by a unique Process ID (PID) and managed by the kernel for CPU and memory allocation. #### Example Listing all running processes on a server to identify which ones are consuming the most CPU. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -20 ``` ### PID (Process ID) A unique numerical identifier assigned by the kernel to every running process, used to reference and manage processes with commands like kill and nice. #### Example Finding the PID of a running Nginx process to send it a reload signal. #### Code Snippet ``` 1pidof nginx ``` ### systemd The standard init system and service manager for most modern Linux distributions, responsible for bootstrapping the system and managing services, sockets, and timers. #### Example Using systemctl to start, stop, enable, and check the status of system services. #### Code Snippet ``` 1systemctl status nginx ``` ### systemctl The primary command-line tool for interacting with systemd, used to start, stop, enable, disable, and reload services. #### Example Enabling the Nginx service to start automatically on boot and starting it immediately. #### Code Snippet ``` 1systemctl enable --now nginx ``` ### journalctl A command-line tool for querying and viewing logs collected by the systemd journal, supporting filtering by service, time range, priority, and more. #### Example Following live logs for the SSH daemon to monitor login attempts in real time. #### Code Snippet ``` 1journalctl -u sshd -f ``` ### kill / killall Commands used to send signals to processes, most commonly SIGTERM (graceful stop) or SIGKILL (force stop), to terminate or control running processes. #### Example Forcefully terminating a frozen process by sending SIGKILL using its PID. #### Code Snippet ``` 1kill -9 1234 ``` ### top / htop Interactive command-line utilities that display real-time information about running processes, CPU usage, memory consumption, and system load. #### Example Using htop to identify a rogue process consuming 100% CPU on a production server. #### Code Snippet ``` 1htop ``` ### cron A time-based job scheduler in Linux that runs commands or scripts automatically at specified intervals, configured through crontab files. #### Example Scheduling a database backup script to run every day at 3:00 AM. #### Code Snippet ``` 1```2# m h dom mon dow command30 3 * * * /opt/scripts/backup.sh4``` ``` ### crontab The configuration file and command used to define and manage cron jobs for a specific user, with each line specifying a schedule and command to run. #### Example Editing the crontab for the current user to add a new scheduled task. #### Code Snippet ``` 1crontab -e ``` ## Security 2 ### SELinux / AppArmor Mandatory Access Control (MAC) security frameworks for Linux that enforce fine-grained policies restricting what processes can access, going beyond standard file permissions. #### Example Using AppArmor to confine Nginx so it can only read files within /var/www and /etc/nginx. #### Code Snippet ``` 1aa-status ``` ### PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) A flexible authentication framework in Linux that decouples authentication logic from applications, allowing system-wide policies for login, password strength, and MFA. #### Example Configuring PAM to enforce a minimum password length and complexity policy. #### Code Snippet ``` 1cat /etc/pam.d/common-password ``` ## Software Management 3 ### Package Manager A tool that automates the installation, upgrade, configuration, and removal of software packages on a Linux system, resolving dependencies automatically. #### Example Using apt to install, update, and remove packages on an Ubuntu server. #### Code Snippet ``` 1apt install curl git vim -y ``` ### apt / apt-get The package management tools for Debian-based Linux distributions like Ubuntu, used to install, update, upgrade, and remove software packages from repositories. #### Example Updating the package index and upgrading all installed packages on an Ubuntu server. #### Code Snippet ``` 1apt update && apt upgrade -y ``` ### yum / dnf Package managers for Red Hat-based Linux distributions such as CentOS, RHEL, and Fedora. dnf is the modern replacement for yum with improved performance. #### Example Installing the Apache web server on a CentOS server using dnf. #### Code Snippet ``` 1dnf install httpd -y ``` ## Storage 7 ### Filesystem The method and structure used by the operating system to organize, store, and retrieve files on a storage device, defining how data is laid out on disk. #### Example Formatting a new disk with the ext4 filesystem before mounting it. #### Code Snippet ``` 1mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 ``` ### Mount The process of making a filesystem accessible at a specific directory path (mount point) in the Linux directory tree so the OS and users can read and write to it. #### Example Mounting an additional EBS volume to /data on an EC2 instance. #### Code Snippet ``` 1mount /dev/sdb1 /data ``` ### /etc/fstab A system configuration file that defines how disk partitions and storage devices are automatically mounted at boot time, including their mount points and options. #### Example Adding an entry to /etc/fstab to automatically mount an NFS share on every boot. #### Code Snippet ``` 1echo '/dev/sdb1 /data ext4 defaults 0 2' >> /etc/fstab ``` ### df A command that reports the amount of disk space used and available on all mounted filesystems, helping identify storage capacity issues. #### Example Checking disk usage across all mounted filesystems in human-readable format. #### Code Snippet ``` 1df -h ``` ### du A command that estimates the disk space used by files and directories, useful for identifying large files and directories consuming storage. #### Example Finding the top 10 largest directories under /var to diagnose a full disk. #### Code Snippet ``` 1du -sh /var/* | sort -rh | head -10 ``` ### LVM (Logical Volume Manager) A storage abstraction layer in Linux that allows flexible management of disk space by grouping physical volumes into volume groups and carving them into logical volumes that can be resized dynamically. #### Example Extending a logical volume and its filesystem online without downtime. #### Code Snippet ``` 1lvextend -L +10G /dev/vg0/data && resize2fs /dev/vg0/data ``` ### NFS (Network File System) A distributed filesystem protocol that allows a server to share directories over a network, enabling client machines to mount and access remote storage as if it were local. #### Example Mounting a shared NFS export from a file server to /mnt/shared on a client node. #### Code Snippet ``` 1mount -t nfs fileserver:/exports/shared /mnt/shared ``` ## System Architecture 4 ### Kernel The core component of the Linux operating system that manages hardware resources, process scheduling, memory, and system calls, acting as a bridge between hardware and user-space applications. #### Example The Linux kernel allocating CPU time between running processes and handling a disk I/O interrupt. #### Code Snippet ``` 1uname -r ``` ### Shell A command-line interpreter that provides an interface between the user and the kernel, accepting commands, executing programs, and scripting automation tasks. #### Example Using Bash to write a script that automates log rotation and sends an alert email. #### Code Snippet ``` 1echo $SHELL ``` ### Bash (Bourne Again SHell) The most widely used Unix shell and scripting language on Linux systems, supporting variables, loops, conditionals, and functions for automation. #### Example Writing a Bash script to back up a directory and compress it with a timestamp. #### Code Snippet ``` 1```bash2#!/bin/bash3tar -czf backup-$(date +%F).tar.gz /var/www4``` ``` ### Terminal / TTY A text-based interface through which users interact with the shell and operating system, either physically on the server or virtually over a network connection. #### Example Opening a TTY session on a headless server by connecting via SSH. #### Code Snippet ``` 1tty ``` ## Text Processing 3 ### grep A command-line tool for searching plain text for lines matching a pattern using regular expressions, widely used for filtering logs and configuration files. #### Example Searching all log files in /var/log for lines containing the word ERROR. #### Code Snippet ``` 1grep -r "ERROR" /var/log/ ``` ### sed A stream editor for filtering and transforming text, commonly used in scripts to perform find-and-replace operations on files or command output. #### Example Replacing all occurrences of localhost with a production hostname in a config file in place. #### Code Snippet ``` 1sed -i 's/localhost/prod.example.com/g' /etc/app/config.conf ``` ### awk A text-processing language used for pattern scanning and reporting, especially useful for parsing structured output and extracting specific fields. #### Example Printing only the process name and memory usage columns from ps output. #### Code Snippet ``` 1ps aux | awk '{print $11, $6}' ``` ## Users & Permissions 8 ### Root User The superuser account in Linux with UID 0 that has unrestricted access to all commands, files, and system resources. Should be used sparingly for security reasons. #### Example Logging in as root to install a system package or modify a protected configuration file. #### Code Snippet ``` 1sudo su - ``` ### sudo A command that allows permitted users to execute commands as the root user or another user, as configured in the /etc/sudoers file, without logging in as root. #### Example Running apt update as root via sudo without switching to the root account. #### Code Snippet ``` 1sudo apt update ``` ### User Management The administration of user accounts on a Linux system, including creating, modifying, disabling, and deleting users and managing their group memberships. #### Example Creating a new system user for a web application with no login shell. #### Code Snippet ``` 1useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo john ``` ### Group A collection of user accounts that share the same access permissions to files and resources, simplifying permission management across multiple users. #### Example Adding a developer user to the docker group to allow running Docker commands without sudo. #### Code Snippet ``` 1usermod -aG docker john ``` ### File Permissions A set of rules in Linux that control who can read, write, or execute a file or directory, defined for three classes of user, namely owner, group, and others. #### Example Making a shell script executable by its owner while keeping it read-only for others. #### Code Snippet ``` 1chmod 750 deploy.sh ``` ### chmod A Linux command used to change the read, write, and execute permissions of files and directories for the owner, group, and others. #### Example Granting full permissions to the owner and read-only to everyone else on a config file. #### Code Snippet ``` 1chmod 644 /etc/app/config.yaml ``` ### chown A Linux command used to change the ownership of a file or directory, assigning a new owner user and optionally a new group. #### Example Transferring ownership of a web root directory to the www-data user and group. #### Code Snippet ``` 1chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html ``` ### /etc/passwd A plain text file that stores essential information about each user account on the system, including username, UID, GID, home directory, and default shell. #### Example Inspecting /etc/passwd to verify the home directory and shell assigned to a new user. #### Code Snippet ``` 1cat /etc/passwd | grep john ``` ## Comments Was this useful? ## You might also enjoy More posts on similar topics [![Networking Fundamentals](/_astro/hero.CcGlr5M6_2oFVtq.webp)](/glossary/post/networking-fundamentals) ## [Networking Fundamentals](/glossary/post/networking-fundamentals) - [Mohammad Abu Mattar](/authors/mohammad-abu-mattar) - [Networking](/glossary/categories/networking) - [Fundamentals](/glossary/categories/fundamentals) This glossary covers the core networking concepts every developer, DevOps engineer, and system administrator should know: how data is layered and addressed, and how it gets routed across the internet. 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